Sustainable Bioenergy: A Review of Biomass Conversion Technologies and Their Environmental Impacts

Research Article

Abstract

As the world moves toward sustainable energy systems, bioenergy has become a key component, presenting both benefits and difficulties in the quest for carbon neutrality. The global switch to renewable energy depends heavily on modern bioenergy, which provides dispatchable electricity and adaptability to supplement intermittent sources like solar and wind. Heat, electricity, and fuels can be produced from biomass by thermochemical, biochemical, and chemical routes. This includes biomass from lignocellulosic wastes and energy crops to municipal garbage and algae. The present state of knowledge about biomass resources, conversion methods, environmental consequences, and the socioeconomic aspects of bioenergy is summarized in this paper. By combining knowledge from environmental science, engineering, and policy, the study seeks to offer a fair evaluation of how bioenergy contributes to the attainment of global decarbonization objectives. Additionally, the study outlines future research goals, such as the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) as a long-term climate solution, enhanced pretreatment techniques, biorefinery integration, and hybridization with other renewable energy sources. In order to balance the advantages and disadvantages of deploying sustainable bioenergy, this thorough review attempts to educate researchers, legislators, and industry stakeholders. Ultimately, the deployment of sustainable bioenergy is a complex issue for the twenty-first century as well as a crucial potential since it depends on balancing energy demands with ecological and societal limitations.