Emerging Trends in Pressure Sensor–Integrated Smart Footwear for Fall Prevention in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy- A Comprehensive Review

Review Article

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide and continues to pose a major public health challenge because of its increasing prevalence and associated long-term complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines diabetes as a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Persistent hyperglycaemia causes progressive damage to multiple organ systems, particularly the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, peripheral nerves, and blood vessels, leading to considerable morbidity, disability, and mortality. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), approximately 537 million adults aged 20–79 years were living with diabetes globally in 2021, and this number is projected to increase to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. India has one of the largest populations affected by diabetes, with approximately 74.2 million adults living with the disease. Rapid urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, obesity, unhealthy dietary habits, population ageing, and genetic susceptibility have contributed significantly to the increasing burden of diabetes. Consequently, diabetes imposes substantial clinical, social, and economic burdens through chronic complications, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare expenditure. ¹, ³